ABSTRACT
Acute stones present as flank pain radiating to the contralateral lower abdomen and groin, nausea/vomiting, hematuria, irritative voiding symptoms, and fevers.
Urinalysis (U/A) typically shows red cells and white cells, with bacteria if there is a concomitant infection.
Treatment of acute stone episodes includes IV fluids, pain control, antibiotics if urine infection is present, and, if necessary, decompression of the urinary tract with a ureteral stent or nephrostomy tube.
Treatment of stones includes expectant management, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
Type of treatment depends upon stone size and location.
