ABSTRACT
The etiology of mitral regurgitation (MR) consists of degenerative changes (mitral valve prolapse), flail (Figure 6.1), rheumatic valve disease, infective endocarditis, dilated mitral annulus, and restrictive motion due to papillary muscle dysfunction with left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormality, socalled functional MR (Figure 6.2), congenital cleft of the anterior leaflet (Figure 6.3), and radiation.
