ABSTRACT
The basic electromagnetic principles and fundamental physical laws are used to devise, design, and examine various electromechanical motion devices [1-11]. Permanent-magnet direct-current (DC) electric machines guarantee high power and torques densities, efficiency, affordability, reliability, ruggedness, overloading capabilities, and other advantages. The power range of permanent-magnet DC electric machines (motors and generators) is from µW to ~100 kW, and the dimensions are from ~1 mm in diameter and ~5 mm long to ~1 m. The same permanent-magnet electric machine can be used as a motor or a generator. Due to the above-mentioned advantages and very high performance, permanent-magnet DC electric machines and motion devices are widely used in aerospace, automotive, marine, power, robotics, and other applications. Only permanent-magnet synchronous machines, which do not have brushes, surpass permanent-magnet DC machines. Therefore, depending on applications, in high-performance drives and servos, predominantly permanentmagnet DC and synchronous electric machines are utilized. One should be aware that to drive a computer/camera hard drive, household fan, passenger car, and 60 ton tank (track), ~1 W, ~10 W, ~10 kW, and ~100 kW machines are needed. Therefore, ~1 µW to ~100 kW power range covers the major consumer and industrial systems. In megawatt applications (ships, locomotives, highpower energy systems, etc.), induction and synchronous machines are used.
