ABSTRACT
The following are common radiological investigations used in urology. Many of these are discussed in the relevant chapters.
Renal ultrasound
This is quick, safe, inexpensive and non-invasive (Fig. 2.1a). It is suitable for detection of hydronephrosis, renal parenchymal tumours, renal cysts (Fig. 2.1b) and bladder tumours. Renal and bladder stones are usually detected, but pelviureteric and ureteric stones are seldom seen. Post-micturition residual volume is calculated by measuring the dimensions of the bladder. Ultrasound is usually the recommended initial radiological examination of the kidneys for haematuria, but an IVU is indicated if the ultrasound and cystoscopy are normal.
