ABSTRACT
Causes of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) This is very much dependent on the age of the patient. In male neonates with BOO the cause is likely to be congenital urethral valves or obstructing embryological remnants. In younger men urethral strictures or functional bladder neck obstruction are common causes of obstruction (though obstruction is unusual in young men). Bladder neck dyssynergia and, more rarely, neurological causes such as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (Chapter 6) and static distal sphincter obstruction can also cause BOO in younger men. In older males benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) is the commonest cause of BOO-up to 70% of men in their seventh decade of life. Other causes of BOO in the elderly male include obstruction from prostate cancer, urethral stricture, or urethral foreign bodies (which include urethral stones).
