ABSTRACT
Particle crushing occurs in granular materials in various engineering applications such as the driving of piles in carbonate sands (where the strength of the particles is low) and debris flows (where the energy levels are high). The occurrence of particle crushing implies that the material being tested or being subjected to geotechnical loads is actually changing. The changes are usually irreversible so that the material that exists at the end of a pile driving exercise is quite different from the material that was there to begin with and the properties will also in general be altered.
