ABSTRACT
The meso-scale modeling of concrete brings about volumetric strain related to hydration and drying, and the composite material based strain is forwarded to post-cracking structural analyses as shown in Fig. 32. Here, the time-dependency of tension stiffening and softening after cracking is indispensable for most macroscopic analysis. As shown in Fig. 33, spaceaveraged tensile strain under sustained forces increases with the progress of time. This nonlinearity is due to both time-dependent local bond and tensile creep of concrete continuum between cracks (Maekawa et al.
