ABSTRACT
SEMPER was a project sponsored by the Directorate General XIII of the European Commission between 1995 and 1998 as part of the ACTS (Advanced Communication Technologies and Services) project. It was conducted by a consortium of about 20 companies, financial institutions, and European universities, with project management by IBM France and the technical leadership of IBM research laboratories in Zurich (Waidner, 1996; Asokan et al., 1997; Lacoste, 1997; Abad Peiro et al., 1998; Lacoste et al., 2000).
