ABSTRACT
After conventional root canal treatment has been carried out the clinician must be able to assess whether it has been successful. The patient’s symptoms should have resolved and any periapical lesion that was present should start to resolve. Sometimes, difficult endodontic problems require combined treatment, with perhaps a surgical endodontic approach, periodontal treatment or long-term review. This chapter discusses the indications and treatment of complex endodontic problems, including: • Assessment of success or failure • Surgical endodontics • Perio-endo lesions • Resorptions of tooth substance.
