Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of 4BS dye on low-cost calcium-based adsorbent

Direct scarlet 4BS, an azo dye, is harmful if swallowed by human beings and animals. It can cause irritation to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. The carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity and chronic toxicity towards humans and animals have been experimentally proven. Therefore, it is imperative to remove the dyes from the effluents.