ABSTRACT
The process of stress induced rock spalling leads to damage and overbreak in tunnels at depth in hard rocks (low porosity). Spalling is the result of visible extension fractures under compressive loading near the boundary of an excavation.
The process of stress induced rock spalling leads to damage and overbreak in tunnels at depth in hard rocks (low porosity). Spalling is the result of visible extension fractures under compressive loading near the boundary of an excavation.