ABSTRACT
Introduction Since Bozzini first proposed that the inside of a human bladder could be viewed with a cystoscope over 200 years ago, there have been many technical improvements in the instrumentation of urinary tract endoscopy that have allowed the clinician to see more clearly, diagnose more accurately, and do procedures that had to be performed previously as open operations. The history of female cystourethroscopy is discussed in Chapter 1. Any surgeon operating in the pelvis today requires the skills to perform cystourethroscopy efficiently and safely: therefore, a good understanding of the cystoscopic instrumentation and how it is used is required.
