ABSTRACT
The development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and fluctuations continues to be a major challenge in the long-term management of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These adverse motor effects are rare with initial therapy but develop in most patients over years of treatment. In many patients, fluctuations between immobility, intolerable “on” chorea, and painful “off” dystonia become as disabling as tremor and bradykinesia.
