ABSTRACT

Ashes, dry 610 1028 Ashes, wet 810 1365 Basalt, broken 1954 3293 Basalt, solid 2933 4943 Bauxite, crushed 1281 2159 Borax, fine 849 1431 Caliche 1440 2427 Cement, clinker 1415 2385 Chalk, fine 1221 2058 Chalk, solid 2406 4055 Cinders, coal, ash 641 1080 Cinders, furnace 913 1538 Clay, compacted 1746 2942 Clay, dry 1073 1808 Clay, wet 1602 2700 Coal, anthracite, solid 1506 2538 Coal, bituminous 1351 2277 Coke 610 1028 Dolomite, lumpy 1522 2565 Dolomite, solid 2886 4864 Earth, dense 2002 3374 Earth, dry, loam 1249 2105 Earth, Fullers, raw 673 1134 Earth, moist 1442 2430 Earth, wet 1602 2700 Felsite 2495 4205 Fieldspar, solid 2613 4404 Fluorite 3093 5213 Gabbro 3093 5213 Gneiss 2696 4544 Granite 2690 4534 Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch 1682 2835 Gravel, dry, loose 1522 2565 Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch 2002 3374 Gypsum, broken 1450 2444 Gypsum, solid 2787 4697 Hardcore (consolidated) 1928 3249 Lignite, dry 801 1350 Limestone, broken 1554 2619 Limestone, solid 2596 4375 Magnesite, magnesium ore 2993 5044 Marble 2679 4515 Marl, wet 2216 3735 Mica, broken 1602 2700 Mica, solid 2883 4859 Peat, dry 400 674 Peat, moist 700 1179

Peat, wet 1121 1889 Potash 1281 2159 Pumice, stone 640 1078 Quarry waste 1438 2423 Quartz sand 1201 2024 Quartz, solid 2584 4355 Rhyolite 2400 4045 Sand and gravel, dry 1650 2781 Sand and gravel, wet 2020 3404 Sand, dry 1602 2700 Sand, wet 1831 3086 Sandstone, solid 2412 4065 Shale, solid 2637 4444 Slag, broken 2114 3563 Slag, furnace granulated 961 1619 Slate, broken 1370 2309 Slate, solid 2667 4495 Snow, compacted 481 810 Snow, freshly fallen 160 269 Taconite 2803 4724 Trachyte 2400 4045 Trap rock, solid 2791 4704 Turf 400 674 Water 1000 1685

Type of vehicle Capacity of vehicle

Payload Heaped capacity

Wheelbarrow 150 0.10 1 tonne dumper 1250 1.00 2.5 tonne dumper 4000 2.50 Articulated dump truck (Volvo A20 6 × 4) 18500 11.00 Articulated dump truck (Volvo A35 6 × 6) 32000 19.00 Large capacity rear dumper (Euclid R35) 35000 22.00 Large capacity rear dumper (Euclid R85) 85000 50.00

Machine type Cycles per minute Volume per minute (m3)

1.5 tonne excavator 1 0.04 2 0.08 3 0.12

3 tonne excavator 1 0.13 2 0.26 3 0.39

5 tonne excavator 1 0.28 2 0.56 3 0.84

7 tonne excavator 1 0.28 2 0.56 3 0.84

21 tonne excavator 1 1.21 2 2.42 3 3.63

Backhoe loader JCB3CX excavator 1 0.28 Rear bucket capacity 0.28m3 2 0.56

3 0.84

Backhoe loader JCB3CX loading 1 1.00 Front bucket capacity 1.00m3 2 2.00

Machine type Loads per hour Volume per hour (m3)

1 tonne high tip skip loader 5 2.43 Volume 0.485m3 7 3.40

10 4.85

3 tonne dumper 4 7.60 Max volume 2.40m3 5 9.50 Available volume 1.9m3 7 13.30

10 19.00

6 tonne dumper 4 15.08 Max volume 3.40m3 5 18.85 Available volume 3.77m3 7 26.39

10 37.70

Type of soil Approximate bulking of 1m3 after excavation

Vegetable soil and loam 25-30% Soft clay 30-40% Stiff clay 10-20% Gravel 20-25% Sand 40-50% Chalk 40-50% Rock, weathered 30-40% Rock, unweathered 50-60%

Type of soil Approximate bulking of 1m3 after excavation

Clay 10% Gravel 8% Gravel and sand 9% Loam and light sandy soils 12% Loose vegetable soils 15%

Material m3 of voids/m3

Alluvium 0.37 River grit 0.29 Quarry sand 0.24 Shingle 0.37 Gravel 0.39 Broken stone 0.45 Broken bricks 0.42

Type of soil Degrees

Clay – dry 30 – damp, well drained 45 – wet 15-20

Earth – dry 30 – damp 45

Gravel – moist 48 Sand – dry or moist 35

– wet 25 Loam 40

Ratio of base to height Angle in degrees

5:1 11 4:1 14 3:1 18 2:1 27 1½:1 34 1:1 45 1:1½ 56 1:2 63 1:3 72 1:4 76 1:5 79

Degrees Percent Degrees Percent

1 1.8 24 44.5 2 3.5 25 46.6 3 5.2 26 48.8 4 7.0 27 51.0 5 8.8 28 53.2 6 10.5 29 55.4 7 12.3 30 57.7 8 14.0 31 60.0 9 15.8 32 62.5

10 17.6 33 64.9 11 19.4 34 67.4 12 21.3 35 70.0 13 23.1 36 72.7 14 24.9 37 75.4 15 26.8 38 78.1 16 28.7 39 81.0 17 30.6 40 83.9 18 32.5 41 86.9 19 34.4 42 90.0 20 36.4 43 93.3 21 38.4 44 96.6 22 40.4 45 100.0

Ground conditions Bearing power

kg/m2 lb/in2 Metric t/m2

Rock, broken 483 70 50 solid 2415 350 240

Clay, dry or hard 380 55 40 medium dry 190 27 20 soft or wet 100 14 10

Gravel, cemented 760 110 80

Sand, compacted 380 55 40 clean dry 190 27 20

Swamp and alluvial soils 48 7 5

Ground conditions Feet (ft) Metres (m)

Compact soil 12 3.66 Drained loam 6 1.83 Dry sand 1 0.3 Gravelly earth 2 0.61 Ordinary earth 3 0.91 Stiff clay 10 3.05