Powerful national support systems versus Europe-wide harmonisation – assessment of competing and converging support instruments

The Member States have established different forms of support for electricity generation from renewable energies; some of them were already established in the 1990s before the 2001/77/EC Directive was adopted. The most commonly used measures for promoting electricity generation

from renewable energies include feed-in tariffs, feed-in premiums and quota obligations, whereas tender models are hardly used nowadays such that they are subsequently neglected (ECOFYS 2011, p. 28; European Commission 2011k, p. 9 f.).