ABSTRACT
Of the conceptual models of human errors, Hawkin’s (1991) SoftwareHardware-Environment-Liveware model (SHEL model) is well known. The domain of the individual human (Liveware) is located in the center of the SHEL model. This domain is then surrounded by the domain of factors related to human factors, namely, standards (Software), facilities (Hardware), work environment (Environment), and the domain of humans concerned other than the individual in the center (Liveware). According to this model, human errors are caused by an adjustment between the individual in the center and the surrounding factors related to human factors.
