Soil foundations

Material Description Strength Presumed bearing value (kPa)

Clay V. Soft 0-12 kPa <25 Soft 12-25 kPa 25-50 Firm 25-50 kPa 50-100 Stiff 50-100 kPa 100-200 V. Stiff 100-200 kPa 200-400 Hard >200 kPa >400

Sands* V. Loose Dr < 15% φ< 0◦ <50 Loose Dr = 15-35% φ= 30-35◦ 50-100 Med dense Dr = 35-65% φ= 35-40◦ 100-300 Dense Dr = 65-85% φ= 40-45◦ 300-500 V. dense Dr > 85% φ> 45◦ >500

for design.