Using site appropriate pioneer species to initiate pedogenic processes which promote recovery to stable and complex forested ecosystems

The five factors of soil formation were proposed by Dokuchaev in 1886 and these factors were later adopted by Jenny and were widely accepted as the factors which drive ecosystem development, Florinsky (2012). The five factors of soil formation are typically stated now as parent material, topography, climate, biota and time. In reclamation it is usually desirable to reduce the time required for ecosystem development to a complex and stable community that is compatible with surrounding uses or communities and of the remaining factors, biota is most easily manipulated.