ABSTRACT
The seismic behavior of urban tunnels can be predicted by simplified pseudo-static approaches and dynamic methods of analysis, i.e. procedures that take into account the dynamic nature of the seismic loads and the cyclic soil behavior.These latter methods can either uncouple the analysis of free-field soil response from that of the tunnel (‘simplified dynamic analysis’), or use more complex procedures (‘full dynamic analysis’) accounting for soil-structure interaction (e.g. Hashash et al. 2001).
