ABSTRACT
How to measure or reflect CSP relates to the internal elements of CSP in the process of examining the CSP-CFP relationship. As Surroca, Tribo and Waddock (2010) conceptualize CSP as the broad array of strategies and operating practices that a company develops in its efforts to deal with and create relationships with its numerous stakeholders and the natural environment (Waddock, 2004), the stakeholder related to CSP is not single. CSP should reflect the outcomes and levels of actions activated by stakeholders, who are stakeholder groups, behaviors and environment. After reviewing 63 studies, we divide them into the following categories. The first category is based on consumers, which mostly relate with product quality, diversity, product safety, quality of services, innovativeness, alcohol, tobacco, gambling and nuclear power (Preston, O’Bannon, 1997; Mahoney, Roberts, 2007; Moore, 2001, etc.). The second category is based on government, community or military, such as governments, community investment, community relations, community and society, defense/weapons, military contracting (Brik etc, 2011; Andersen & Dejoy, 2011; Surroca, Tribo,
Salomon, 2002). In nine groups, researchers often refer to these stakeholder groups, such as employees, communities and consumers, and environment. Of 63 studies, respectively, 33 studies, 30 studies, 28 studies and 35 studies refer to communities, consumers (products), employees and environment. Otherwise, few researchers just refer to single stakeholder group. For example, Simpson & Kohers (2002) just take community relations into account, Schuler & Cording (2006), Gromark & Melin (2011) just think of consumers, and Brammer & Millington (2008) are only concerned about philanthropic donation. In fact, stakeholders considered by numerous researchers are over two categories. Especially, Laan, Ees and Witteloostuijin (2008) divide stakeholders into two levels, which are primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. The former include employees, consumers and environment, and the latter includes communities, diversity, investors and human rights.
