ABSTRACT
In some cases new ways of thinking radically changed professional hierarchies. This was most dramatically evinced in the social sciences and medicine. In the former case the once preeminent American Social Science Association (ASSA) was replaced by specialty organizations (Haskell, 1977; Galambos, 1983, p. 487; Ross, 1991, p. 63; Lipartito and Miranti, 1996, p. 1408; McMillan, 1998b, pp. 57, 85; 1999, p. 26). Similarly, the more vibrant knowledge base of medical science reduced the influence of practitioners of hydropathy and practitioners of herbal medicine (see the general discussion in Kett, 1968,
chapters 4-5; see, e.g., Lipartito and Miranti, 1998, p. 305; Burrow, 1977, chapter 5).
