![… Estimated capital flight between 1993 and 1998 was $68.3 billion according to [RET’s] estimate 1 and $77.6 billion for estimate 2.](https://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/crclarge/978041564/9780415648967.jpg "… Estimated capital flight between 1993 and 1998 was $68.3 billion according to [RET’s] estimate 1 and $77.6 billion for estimate 2.")
ABSTRACT
The figure for estimate 2 reached a peak of nearly $20 billion in 1997 (with estimate 1 reaching a peak in 1996). In 1999 the estimated figure for estimate 2 is about $14 billion (p. 4). ‘On top of capital flight an estimated $30 billion to $40 billion is held in “mattresses” inside Russia’ (p. 9).
