ABSTRACT

Western Civilisation was in its pomp when Jacob Burckhardt delivered his Judgements on History and Historians; European Empires spanned the globe, while the modern age was being forged in the nationalist revolutions of 1848. As a tutor to the young Friedrich Nietzsche as well as one of the first historians to take 'culture' as his subject rather th

chapter 1|1 pages

I Antiquity

chapter 3|2 pages

The Limits of Civilization and Barbarism

chapter 5|2 pages

The Historical Significance of Egypt

chapter 7|1 pages

On Carthage

chapter 8|1 pages

Athens

chapter 9|6 pages

Rome and Its Mission in World History

chapter 11|10 pages

On the Middle Ages

chapter 12|2 pages

On Early Christianity

chapter 13|2 pages

Christianity as a Martyr Religion

chapter 14|1 pages

On Asceticism and Its Position

chapter 15|1 pages

The Spread of Nicene Christianity

chapter 16|4 pages

The Church

chapter 18|2 pages

Western European Arianism and the Jews

chapter 20|1 pages

The Achievement of Clovis I

chapter 22|1 pages

The Despotism of Islam

chapter 23|2 pages

Islam and Its Effects

chapter 25|2 pages

Charlemagne

chapter 26|1 pages

The Normans

chapter 27|4 pages

The Byzantine Empire and Its Mission

chapter 29|1 pages

On the Crusades

chapter 30|1 pages

The Sorrows and Sacrifices of the Crusades

chapter 31|2 pages

On the Evaluation of the Later Middle Ages

chapter 32|14 pages

III History from 1450 to 1598

chapter 33|2 pages

England in the Late Middle Ages

chapter 34|2 pages

On Richard III

chapter 35|2 pages

On the Wars of the Roses and on Scotland

chapter 36|1 pages

Burgundy

chapter 37|2 pages

Charles the Bold of Burgundy

chapter 39|1 pages

Louis XI

chapter 41|1 pages

The Ottomans

chapter 42|1 pages

The Republic of Florence

chapter 43|3 pages

On the War of 1494

chapter 44|1 pages

On the Power of the Papacy

chapter 45|5 pages

Italy and the Rest of Europe

chapter 46|1 pages

Spain and Portugal

chapter 48|1 pages

On Luther

chapter 54|2 pages

The Origin of the Territorial Churches

chapter 58|2 pages

On Zwingli’s Later Period

chapter 59|1 pages

Charles V and Francis I

chapter 60|3 pages

On Charles V

chapter 61|1 pages

On Henry VIII

chapter 63|2 pages

The Community of the Elect

chapter 64|4 pages

On Calvin

chapter 65|1 pages

On Protestantism in France

chapter 66|2 pages

German Culture Around 1555

chapter 67|2 pages

On Camoens’ Lusiads

chapter 68|1 pages

On the Counter Reformation

chapter 69|1 pages

St Ignatius Loyola

chapter 70|2 pages

The Jesuits

chapter 71|1 pages

The Jesuits and the Papacy

chapter 72|3 pages

The Third Council of Trent (1562–1563)

chapter 73|1 pages

The Popes of the Counter Reformation

chapter 76|2 pages

After St Bartholomew’s Night

chapter 77|1 pages

Murder as an Expedient

chapter 78|1 pages

The Special Character of the French Court

chapter 79|2 pages

On the Conversion of Henry IV

chapter 80|1 pages

Holland

chapter 81|3 pages

Mary Stuart

chapter 82|2 pages

On Elizabeth of England

chapter 83|2 pages

The Age of Elizabeth

chapter 86|1 pages

The Huguenots Under Henry IV

chapter 87|1 pages

Gomarists and Arminians

chapter 89|3 pages

Italy in the Seventeenth Century

chapter 90|3 pages

Richelieu

chapter 92|2 pages

The Swedes in Germany

chapter 93|2 pages

On Wallenstein’s End

chapter 94|1 pages

The Great Elector

chapter 95|2 pages

England Before the First Revolution

chapter 96|1 pages

English Royalty and Its Task

chapter 97|3 pages

Cromwell

chapter 98|1 pages

The Fronde and the French Aristocracy

chapter 99|2 pages

The Fronde and the Parlement of Paris

chapter 100|1 pages

On Mazarin

chapter 101|1 pages

Styles of Life and Art Around 1650

chapter 102|1 pages

Sweden Under King Charles X Gustavus

chapter 103|2 pages

The Age of Unlimited Princely Power

chapter 104|2 pages

On Louis XIV

chapter 108|2 pages

On the Second English Revolution

chapter 109|1 pages

England’s Defence Against Militarism

chapter 111|2 pages

Russia

chapter 112|1 pages

England After George I

chapter 113|2 pages

Frederick the Great

chapter 115|2 pages

The Period of Reform from Above

chapter 116|2 pages

Absolutism in the North

chapter 118|1 pages

England

chapter 120|1 pages

On the Dissolution of the Jesuit Order

chapter 123|1 pages

On Rousseau and His Utopia

chapter 125|1 pages

The Destiny of the French Revolution

chapter 126|1 pages

On Mirabeau

chapter 127|1 pages

The Clergy

chapter 128|2 pages

The Legislative Assembly and the Clubs

chapter 129|1 pages

On August 10, 1792

chapter 130|1 pages

On the September Massacres

chapter 132|2 pages

On the Trial of Louis Xvi

chapter 133|2 pages

Girondists and Jacobins

chapter 140|2 pages

Before the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794)

chapter 143|1 pages

Bonaparte and the 18th Fructidor

chapter 144|1 pages

How Aristocracies and Princes Succumb

chapter 145|1 pages

On the Invasion of Switzerland by the French

chapter 146|1 pages

Old Bern and Why It Is Hated

chapter 148|1 pages

On Napoleon

chapter 149|3 pages

Napoleon I and His Russian Campaign