ABSTRACT
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) and eco-design, the most typical applications of industrial ecology on a microeconomic scale, constitute the subject of this chapter. They are important enough for some authors to focus their attention on these two aspects alone when presenting industrial ecology (for example, Graedel and Allenby 1995; Anastas and Breen 1997). LCA and eco-design from the core of this field, just as they represent the core of the IPP. They are closely related, with eco-design aided by LCA in order to design products to have the least possible environmental impacts throughout their life-cycles.
