ABSTRACT
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 214 Traditional View of Prisms ..................................................................................... 215 Chromatic Aberration ............................................................................................. 215 Are Prisms More than Chief Ray Shifters? ............................................................ 217 Distortion ............................................................................................................... 217 Prisms Bend Space ................................................................................................. 218 Dual Streams an Explanation? ...............................................................................220 Not All Curvatures of Space Are the Same ............................................................ 221 The Space Board to the Rescue ............................................................................. 223 Chief Ray Shifter versus Space Transformer ......................................................... 227 Nomenclature .........................................................................................................228 Lens and Prism Classifi cation ................................................................................228 Lens Types: Stabilization-Guidance ....................................................................230 Absolutes and Universals ....................................................................................... 232 Spatial Maps-Multiple Representations .............................................................. 232 Sprague Effect ........................................................................................................234 Typical Spatial Shifts ............................................................................................. 235 Testing .................................................................................................................... 236
Alignment Probes ......................................................................................... 236 Observation ....................................................................................... 236 Cover Test ......................................................................................... 237 Maddox Rod Testing .........................................................................242 Cheiroscopic Tracing ........................................................................244 Fixation Disparity-Associated Phoria ............................................246
Treatment ............................................................................................................... 255 Prism Application for Alignment .................................................................. 255 Providing the Prism ...................................................................................... 257 Trial Period with Prisms in Offi ce ................................................................ 258 Temporary Prism on the Rx .......................................................................... 259
