ABSTRACT
DNA Estimates ..........................................................................317 9.3 Forensic Y Chromosome Analysis ......................................................317
9.3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................317 9.3.2 Mutation ....................................................................................321 9.3.3 Databases of Y Haplotypes ......................................................324 9.3.4 Y chromosome θ, RST, GST, or ΦST Values ..............................324 9.3.5 Negative Correlation of Mitochondrial DNA and
Y Chromosome Haplotypes ....................................................325 9.3.6 Combining Y Chromosome Evidence with Autosomal or
Mitochondrial DNA Evidence ................................................325 9.3.7 Y Chromosome Mixtures ........................................................327
9.4 Forensic X Chromosome Analysis ......................................................329 9.5 A Famous Case Example — The Romanovs ......................................331
In this chapter we describe some of the molecular biology and the inheritance and interpretation models relevant to the forensic analysis of nonautosomal markers. Specifically we will discuss the DNA profiling of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the two gonosomes: the X and Y chromosomes.
