ABSTRACT
Introduction
General Epidemiology
Anatomy
History and Physical Examination
Diagnostic Procedures
Sternoclavicular Sprain/Subluxation/Dislocation
Acromioclavicular Sprain/Subluxation/ Dislocation
Glenohumeral Instability: Sprain/Subluxation/Dislocation
Glenoid Labrum Tears
Impingement Syndrome (Bursitis, Tendinosis, Supraspinatus Syndrome)
Rotator Cuff Strain
Calcific Tendinitis
Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)
Scapulothoracic Problems (Bursitis, Winging)
Biceps Tendon Problems (Tendinitis, Subluxation/Dislocation, Rupture)
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Clavicular Fractures
Other Fractures
Miscellaneous Shoulder Injuries
Summary
References
General References
The diagnosis and management of shoulder injuries is often challenging to the examiner. Complaints are typically vague and nonspecific. In addition to isolated musculoskeletal pathology, the etiologies of shoulder symptoms can come from a variety of neurological, inflammatory, and cardiovascular conditions. Determining the cause and treatment
relies equally on the history, mechanism of injury, and physical examination. Imaging studies that depend strongly on technique and quality can confirm the diagnosis and help guide management.