ABSTRACT

Introduction

General Epidemiology

Anatomy

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Procedures

Sternoclavicular Sprain/Subluxation/Dislocation

Acromioclavicular Sprain/Subluxation/ Dislocation

Glenohumeral Instability: Sprain/Subluxation/Dislocation

Glenoid Labrum Tears

Impingement Syndrome (Bursitis, Tendinosis, Supraspinatus Syndrome)

Rotator Cuff Strain

Calcific Tendinitis

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Scapulothoracic Problems (Bursitis, Winging)

Biceps Tendon Problems (Tendinitis, Subluxation/Dislocation, Rupture)

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Clavicular Fractures

Other Fractures

Miscellaneous Shoulder Injuries

Summary

References

General References

The diagnosis and management of shoulder injuries is often challenging to the examiner. Complaints are typically vague and nonspecific. In addition to isolated musculoskeletal pathology, the etiologies of shoulder symptoms can come from a variety of neurological, inflammatory, and cardiovascular conditions. Determining the cause and treatment

relies equally on the history, mechanism of injury, and physical examination. Imaging studies that depend strongly on technique and quality can confirm the diagnosis and help guide management.