ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................. 276 Emerging Applications ................................................................................. 277 System Architecture ...................................................................................... 281 Challenges...................................................................................................... 281
Inconsistent Contact .............................................................................. 281 Non-uniform Contact ........................................................................... 282 Irreproducible Contact .......................................................................... 282 Feature Extraction Artifacts .................................................................. 282 Sensing .................................................................................................... 282
Fingerprint Sensing....................................................................................... 283 Fingerprint Representation .......................................................................... 290 Minutiae Feature Extraction ........................................................................ 294
Orientation Estimation.......................................................................... 296 Segmentation.......................................................................................... 297 Ridge Detection...................................................................................... 297 Minutiae Detection ................................................................................ 298 Post-processing....................................................................................... 298
Fingerprint Classification ............................................................................. 298 Fingerprint Matching ................................................................................... 302 Fingerprint Enhancement ............................................................................ 309 Large-Scale Systems Issues ........................................................................... 312 System Evaluation ......................................................................................... 316 Conclusions and Future Prospects .............................................................. 320 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 321 References ...................................................................................................... 322
More than a century has passed since Alphonse Bertillon first conceived and then industriously practiced the idea of using body measurements for solving crimes.
