ABSTRACT
In the analog era, interorganizational specialization occurred. In the early stage, most manufacturing functions stayed with the advanced nations in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Semiconductor MCU with ¨rmware so©ware in all digital products in®uenced rapid modularization of product architecture in the form of turn-key solution. Advanced manufacturing nations accomplished international collaboration with ¨rms from newly industrialized economies (NIEs) and Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRICs). NIEs/BRICs specialize in assembly of modular types of products and technologies, while advanced manufacturing nations focus on integral type of products and technologies.
