ABSTRACT
Despite signicant advances in the ability to analyze blood and other forms of biological evidence, if the sample is not properly collected and preserved, no level of sophistication will correct for mishandling a biological sample (Marjanović and Primorac, 2013). In fact, most legal challenges regarding physical evidence such as blood evidence focus on the recognition, collection, and preservation matters rather than the scientic methodologies that were used to analyze the sample (Fisher and Fisher, 2012). e Scientic Working Group
9.1 Introduction 253 9.1.1 Sample Collection from Victim or Suspect 254
9.1.1.1 Known Oral Swab Standards 254 9.1.1.2 Liquid Urine and/or Fecal Material 254 9.1.1.3 Vaginal Materials 255 9.1.1.4 Nasal Mucous 255 9.1.1.5 Bite Mark Evidence 255 9.1.1.6 Skin Tissue 255 9.1.1.7 Clothing or Personal Items 256
9.2 Recognition and Identication of Blood Evidence 256 9.2.1 Presumptive Blood Tests 256 9.2.2 Conrmatory Blood Tests 258
9.3 Collection Methods for Blood 260 9.3.1 Dried Blood Stains 260 9.3.2 Liquid Blood Samples 261 9.3.3 Seminal Stains 262 9.3.4 Stains from Other Physiological Fluids 263
9.4 Blood Stain Pattern Analysis 264 9.5 Crime Scene Reconstruction 265 9.6 Case Examples 266
9.6.1 Concetta “Penney” Serra Homicide Case 266 9.6.2 Identical Twins, New Orleans, LA 269 9.6.3 Murder in a Bathroom, Middletown, CT 271 9.6.4 Brown’s Chicken Murders 273
References 276
for DNA Analysis and Methods (SWGDAM) has suggested several best practices for the collection of blood found at crime scenes and is an excellent resource.
