ABSTRACT
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 84 Passive Defense: A Forgotten Concept in Urban Planning and Design ..... 84 The Main Factors Affecting Attacks on Cities .............................................. 86 Designing and Planning Urban Uses Based on Major Transportation Terminals ........................................................................................................... 87
Railways ....................................................................................................... 88 Planning and Design Considerations .................................................. 89
Subways ........................................................................................................ 91 Planning and Design Considerations .................................................. 94
Airports ......................................................................................................... 98 Planning and Design Considerations .................................................. 98
Endnotes .......................................................................................................... 102 References ....................................................................................................... 103
Nowadays, the emergence of long-range weapons has extended the fighting from the borders to the depth of territories, that is, urban and rural areas, and the traditional boundary between the front and nonfront areas has faded away. In such a situation, in case of enemy attack, citizens behind the front will face as many risks as the soldiers on the battlefield will. In the early hours of the enemy attack, cities will face a huge crisis.
