ABSTRACT

To the outside world, for some half a century, the words ‘Basque Country’ have provoked an almost instant association with the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Homeland and Liberty) separatist group and violent conflict. The Basque Contention: Ethnicity, Politics, Violence attempts to undo this simplistic correlation and, for the first time, provide a definitive history of the wider political issues at the heart of the Basque Country.

Drawing on three decades of research on Basque nationalism, Ludger Mees weaves together the various historical and contemporary strands of this contention: from the late medieval kingdoms of Spain and France and the first articulations of a Basque ethno-particularism, to the dissolution of ETA in 2018, and all manner of dictatorships, conflict, peace, civil war, political intrigue, hope and failure in-between.

For anyone who has ever wanted to gain an insight into the Basque Country beyond the headlines of ETA and grasp the complexity of its relationship with Spain, France and indeed itself, this volume provides a detailed, yet digestible, basis for such an understanding.

chapter 1|11 pages

Introduction

Retrieving the pirates

chapter 2|16 pages

The context

Problems of state and nation building in France and Spain

chapter 3|23 pages

Basque particularism

The process of ethno-genesis from the 17th to the 19th century

chapter 4|36 pages

The claim for sovereignty

The evolution of Basque nationalism until the Civil War (1895–1939)

chapter 5|29 pages

Between resistance and accommodation

The Basque contention during Francoism (1939–75)

chapter 6|28 pages

Transition to democracy

Regional autonomy or independence? (1975–80)

chapter 8|28 pages

The radical decade (1995–2005)

chapter 9|44 pages

From violence to politics

Nationalism and the end of ETA (2006–2018)

chapter 10|13 pages

Epilogue