ABSTRACT
Spanish colonialism, the creation of native reservations, the action of alien-native implantation, as well as missionization, all featured in this process and abetted the creation of scattered Chichimecan "external proletariat" enclaves that had a serious impact on the course of Chichimecan history, even though they left little or no cultural residue in their wake. The Huichol Mountains became a haven of refuge in the 1540s and 150 years later another mountain retreat was established in the near center of the Gran Chichimeca, called the Chiricahuas, Turkey, or Big Mountains. The Spanish colonial soldier, Cristobal Granillo, fluent in the Suma language, was made official inter-preter because this Uto-Aztecan language was the lingua franca of the refugees living in these mountains. The Jano captain who had acted as the general spokesman was named head of all the displaced Uto-Aztecans because of the fact that all of his ancestors had ruled with wisdom.
