ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the kinds of comparative approaches to intergroup relations, past and contemporary, available to the analyst. Historically, early definitions of other societies were highly biased and hostile, focusing on the assumed barbarity and inferiority of such “out-groups.” Intergroup contacts in such situations were highly likely to be competitive and conflict-ridden, reinforcing the ethnocentric views of all parties involved. Approaches to the analysis of intergroup relations may be viewed in at least two ways: as different types of theory or as involving particular explanatory factors. Historical factors involve the specific circumstances under which groups come into contact with one another in particular societal situations, i.e., the formation of particular types of societies. In this regard, Lieberson developed a “societal theory” of “race and ethnic relations.” Population characteristics have obvious relevance to intergroup relations. Typically, colonial-type societies containing large, indigenous majorities are dominated by small, migrant elites, resulting in high levels of violence and conflict.
