ABSTRACT
This chapter begins with a description of academic departments and how they evaluate prospective new faculty members. It focuses on research papers and grant applications and considers the problem of secrecy and fraud in science. Individual investigators in academic institutions usually have a dual involvement in teaching and research. Consequently, depending upon the investigators' skills, the academic departments to which they belong will develop reputations for teaching and/or research excellence. The scientific evaluation is made on the basis of criteria established by the journal. The more prestigious the journal, the more rigorous the evaluation, and the more difficult it is to get a paper published by that journal. An investigator who wishes to apply for research funding from a federal agency begins by preparing a formal proposal. The investigator's institution then submits the proposal to the funding agency—for in-stance, the National Institutes of Health.
