ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses the methods by which structural design and effects on the surroundings are carried out. In the mid-1970s, the first generation of computer programs was put into use, and these were the “Beam on Springs” type. Most deep excavations extend below the ground water table. Control of ground water and its effects are important considerations for deep excavations: for both the safety of the excavation and to prevent damage to the surrounding area and nearby structures. In order to control seepage of ground water into deep excavations Earth Lateral Support systems are usually designed to be impermeable. It is important to consider seepage of ground water beneath the perimeter retaining walls. For purposes of the stability of the retaining walls and for efficiency, the excavation should be kept dry or well drained if possible. In densely developed locations, protection of nearby utilities and buildings is an important issue.
