ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of Augustine’s ‘Earthly and Heavenly Cities’, Aquinas’s ‘Princely Government’ and Luther’s biblical understanding of trade and usury. Two contrasting trajectories from Luther’s concept of the Two Kingdoms and Aquinas’s take on Christendom/One Kingdom are traced in modern versions of Christian ethics. For the Two Kingdoms approach, Barth, Berdyaev, Bonhoeffer, Niebuhr, Hauerwas and Miranda are taken as modern examples. For the One Kingdom approach, Temple, John XXIII, Hollenbach and Farley are taken as the modern examples. The chapter ends with Case-Study 1 on the current migration crisis.
