ABSTRACT
Labeling theories are the focus of this chapter. Beginning with the early statements by Tannenbaum and moving to the work of Lemert and Becker, the chapter transitions into a discussion of the role of stereotypes in criminal justice outcomes. In particular, the chapter reviews the empirical literature that discusses: the role of stereotypes in perpetuating the “immigration and crime” link, the role of stereotypes in sentencing, and the role of stereotypes in how criminal justice professionals carry out their jobs.
