ABSTRACT
The effect of a concept-driven revolution is to explain old things in new ways. The effect of a tool-driven revolution is to discover new things that have to be explained. In almost every branch of science there has been a preponderance of tool-driven revolutions. During the same period of time, experimental techniques developed with impressive speed, as if physicists had only waited for technology to become available to turn it into new particle physics experiments. The experimental proof of the extraterrestrial origin of cosmic rays is thus rightly credited to the Austrian Victor Francis Hess. In the non-relativistic domain, this frequency is constant because the circumference of the orbit increases proportional to the velocity of the particle. The particle, typically a proton, is accelerated by the electric field present between the two D-shaped cavities.
