ABSTRACT
The organisational institutions of governance of the democratic organisation are fairly similar to some of the institutions of governance of a fully fledged and fully functioning democratic state. The various democratic institutions of governance are not only designed and maintained in order to function efficiently and effectively on their own but also, and crucially, to check and balance each other. Like any other formally institutionalised social system, the democratic organisation is based on various authoritative sources. For example, the democratic organisation is constituted and maintained on the basis of a formal, legally binding partnership agreement that itself is based on certain business, labour, and contract laws and regulations. The basic governance functions are provided by any type of institution or political system, i.e. by autocratic, oligarchic, or democratic states and by hierarchical or heterarchical organisations. For the democratic organisation, this actually means multi-dimensional accountability with at the same time horizontal, top-down, and bottom-up accountability.
