ABSTRACT
Despite having one of the largest number of CAPF and PMF forces, India has not yet been able to employ them very effectively. These forces face a number of challenges that must be urgently addressed. The internal security apparatus cannot deliver in a dysfunctional policy paradigm. The CAPF and PMF institutions are passing through one of their most defining periods, and these reforms are required for their continued performance. Indian policymakers must also learn how to effectively use these key forces.
