ABSTRACT
In drug discovery and development, genetic materials (DNA, mRNA, genes, and RNA enzymes) have become available in research as potential biological products and as primary tools of product discovery. Antisense involves synthetic oligonucleotides, often RNA derivatives that bind to the aberrant mRNA, which alters the expression of genes and mitigate disease. Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic phenotypes of patient subgroups in a disease and their genetic impact on drug actions, changing drug pharmacokinetics and/or activity. Genetics has revealed added genetic mutations as biomarkers in identifying patient-specific differences in disease occurrence, pathogenesis, or severity. Through genetic engineering, human genes are inserted into the eggs of an animal, incorporating a human gene into the genome of the animal and expanding its genetic makeup. In specific chromosomes, gene editing achieves changing DNA sequences (genes) through gene deletions, mRNA changes, or posttranslational modifications, which alter gene expression, which changes protein production or functions.
