ABSTRACT
The empirical critique considers problematic the order of hardship in the labor market of the different categories of underemployment. Following Clogg et al. involuntary part-time workers would be facing a more difficult situation in the labor market than full-time low wage workers. The theoretical critique sees the hierarchical order proposed by Clogg et al. as problematic. The three dimensional hierarchical order of the underemployment categories, based upon time, wage, and attachment to the labor market, that was developed by Clogg et al. presents both theoretical and empirical problems. Ethnic groups face a very different underemployment situation. Mexican workers are as likely as whites to be underemployed, while black workers are more likely to be unemployed vis-a-vis non-black workers. Thus, the results for ethnic and gender groups indicate that diverse forms of discrimination, after controls for human capital, occupations, and industrial sector are included, may be present against blacks and women.
