ABSTRACT
Organizational implementation instruments are a class of policy tools that is amongst the oldest and most often utilized, a common feature of government and governance in all countries and jurisdictions. This category of tools includes a broad range of governing instruments which rely upon the use of government and non-governmental institutions and personnel to affect policy output delivery and policy process change. Public enterprises or ‘state-owned enterprises’ are the most common and well-known type of quasi-governmental substantive organizational tool. The direct use of government agencies for substantive policy purposes involves the ‘delivery of a good or service by government employees, funded by appropriations from government treasury’. Unemployment, welfare or social security payments, for example, can be the task of central governments in some countries and eras, and of provincial or local governments in others but are commonly administered by line departments or their functional equivalents.
