ABSTRACT
This chapter lays out the conceptual framework of nationhood types which go beyond the classic ethnic vs. civic typology. Since this research incorporates empires and imperial policy of nationhood, it goes beyond the ethnic-civic dichotomy which is more a product of nation-state structures. In that regard, both incorporating nation-state and imperial policies of inclusion and exclusion, the chapter introduces and discusses asymmetrical, hierarchical, monolithic, and hyphenated nationhood structures within and beyond the cases of Ottoman and Turkish cases.
