Post-Cold War order, decline of the Kemalists, and back to the Ottoman future of unity in diversity 1

This chapter first looks at the consolidation and continuity of monolithic Turkishness throughout the twentieth century and articulates the conditions under which changing monolithic Turkishness was not rational and feasible for the state elites. Second, the chapter looks at the structural changes in the international context after the end of the Cold War (particularly the rise in minority rights and multiculturalism) and how the state and non-state actors have been influenced by this opportunity space for the state policy change from monolithic Turkishness to a more multicultural understanding of Turkey after the 2000s, particularly looking at the AK Party government and their understanding of the minority Kurdish question until 2015.