ABSTRACT
This chapter explains to know about the basis of their contributions to the UP concept. Planning processes with a very wide range of forms, purposes and provenances are a defining feature of ‘common practice’ planning. ‘Universal process’ signifies a general nature in more than one sense. For example, a UP can be used on its own, inserted in other processes, draw on other processes which might serve as useful components, and be employed to design or test other processes. As may be self-evident from the diagram, phase separations signal changes in the nature and purpose of process components worth explicit recognition in terms of a separate phase. Using a UP involves making working assumptions in a direct manner during each of the first four phases, plus further working assumptions in the following three phases. It also requires making use of other analysis skill sets and mindsets in all seven phases.
