ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to focus on the economy and politics as different subsystems for understanding immigration in more systemic terms. It focuses on social change related to immigration, the ghettoes and underclass formations in a broad context of institutional organization. The chapter seeks to identify three main periods of immigration in Denmark since the late 1960s. The first phase roughly spans from the late 1960s, that is, the first years Turkish immigrants began coming to Denmark, until the beginning of the 1970s. The second phase spans from the first half of the 1970s to roughly the 1990s. In this phase, immigrants became integrated into, or included in, the political system to a higher degree and universalistic policies of the Danish welfare state played an important role. The third period, from the late 1980s to the middle of the 1990s, is characterized by tendencies of exclusion of immigrants from both subsystems.
