ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a reassessment of the propaganda model. Scholars using the model have largely focused on elite news media reporting of war, foreign policy and conflict using a structuralist lens based on the political-economy tradition. Furthermore, much of the research on the model has relied on broadcast-era concepts and theoretical understandings. However, this chapter aims to revise and expand the model in the light of the 21st century media environment. It reviews extant literature from a wide range of fields but also argues that the model must be expanded and updated for the 21st century to take into account factors such as technology, agency, gender and race. Nevertheless, while some have argued that we are currently entering an era of fragmented media, this chapter maintains that the propaganda model continues to be a crucial tool in understanding media performance.
