ABSTRACT
A creditor who chooses to use court proceedings for debt recovery needs a lawyer. In Germany this is a legal requirement: proceedings in the civil courts of general jurisdiction and in the courts of higher instance can only be commenced and further conducted by a lawyer admitted to practise in the relevant district and court instance. Particularly in cross-border litigation, variously regulated substantive and procedural law rules, different court languages and last but not least, differences in legal cultures make it almost impossible for a lawyer to proceed in a foreign country, let alone litigants themselves. English Law Firm 3 is a large law firm with 560 employees working in London and several district offices. English Law Firm 10 is in London. Turkish Law Firm 1, one of the leading law firms of its kind, is run by several partners and is included in the ‘recommended lawyers’ list of the German and Austrian commercial attachés in Turkey.
